U.S. War Resisters In Canada

Five days a week, Jeremy Hinzman, a native of South Dakota, rides his bicycle through the busy streets of Toronto. Since receiving his Canadian work permit this winter, he has been employed as a bicycle messenger, a job he had been wanting to try for eons. Hinzman is 26 and in excellent shape. He is a long distance runner and has run a couple of marathons since he arrived in Canada in January 2004.

This philosophical attitude and the stamina of a long distance runner have served Hinzman well since August 2, 2002 when, as a soldier in the U.S. Army, he asked to be classified as a Conscientious Objector (CO) and to be reassigned to a non-combat job. 

It takes a lot of fortitude for a soldier to declare himself a Conscientious Objector. Although military law makes provisions for soldiers who decide they are pacifists, many soldiers are not informed of this option. Pursuing Conscientious Objector status is frowned on, especially in a gung-ho unit like Hinzman's the 82nd Airborne. CO applicants are called cowards and traitors and are sometimes physically and sexually assaulted by other soldiers. 
But Hinzman had a profound commitment to seeking spiritual direction in his life. He had the courage to follow his conscience. He had converted to Catholicism in high school. While in Army training, he was reading about the Buddhist philosophy of living. On Sundays Hinzman and his wife attended the Quaker meeting in Fayetteville, North Carolina, next to Fort Bragg, the Home of the Airborne. They enjoyed the weekly group meditations and were inspired by the Quakers' pacifist message. Hinzman came to realize that he could not in good conscience carry a weapon or kill another human being. 

Despite this epiphany, Hinzman did not want to break his contract with the military. Motivated largely by his desire for higher education, he had enlisted for a three-year tour. Most Conscientious Objectors seek to be discharged from the military. Even though he harbored doubts about the wars the U.S. was waging in Afghanistan and Iraq, Hinzman was willing to go to war in a non-combat capacity. The vast majority of military occupations do not require one to be personally involved in killing. He could be a cook, an administrative assistant, a mechanic, maybe even a medic. 

On October 31, 2002, Hinzman was informed that the Conscientious Objector application he had submitted three months earlier had been lost. He was then ordered to ship to Afghanistan. Hinzman was dismayed, but he obeyed. He shipped with his unit to Afghanistan on December 7, 2002. Before doing so, however, he resubmitted paperwork asking that he be recognized as a Conscientious Objector. 

Six months later at an isolated U.S. Army base in the middle of hostile Afghan territory, Private Hinzman's CO hearing took place. Military law requires that Conscientious Objector claimants be given non-combat duty while awaiting a decision on their claim. For 6 months Hinzman had been working in the kitchen, 7 days a week, 14 hours a day. 

The CO hearing officer asked Hinzman a frequently used trick question regarding self-defense. Usually it goes like this: 'If your wife and child were being assaulted by bloodthirsty rapists, would you defend them?' Hinzman, however,  was asked, 'If this base is attacked by Taliban terrorists, will you or won't you pick up a gun to defend your fellow soldiers?' Hinzman said that he would, that he saw self-defense as very different from planning and executing aggressive military actions. 'Gotcha,' the Army officer must have thought, pleased that his ploy had worked. 'You are not a Conscientious Objector.'

It has been clearly established in Conscientious Objector law that self-defense is different than war and that Conscientious Objectors have as much right to defend themselves as anybody else. Yet U.S. military officers often use this line of questioning to sabotage the claims of soldiers seeking this status. Sending a CO applicant to an isolated war zone and asking whether he would defend his buddies was grossly manipulative and unfair.  
Hinzman saw the writing on the wall. The negative recommendation of the hearing officer deterred him from further pursuing his claim. Instead he obeyed orders to resume guard duty. Today he wishes he had done otherwise. 'My only regret is that I didn't just take off my uniform and refuse all orders.'

Hinzman's tour of duty in Afghanistan ended on July 16, 2003. He and his unit returned to Fort Bragg. Shortly afterwards, he discovered that his initial CO application remained in his Army personnel file and had not been lost at all. The Army had lied to him before sending him to a war zone. 

Iraq or Canada? 

Hinzman's doubts about the morality of the war in Iraq were fueled by reports from the grisly battlefield. He heard that thousands of civilians had died in the fighting. His concerns came to a head in December 2003 when the 82nd Airborne was ordered to Iraq. They were to leave right after the Christmas holidays. 

A momentous moral decision faced Hinzman and his wife, Nga, a Vietnamese-American social worker whose family had resettled in South Dakota after the U.S. withdrawal from Vietnam. Hinz- man and Nga decided to head for Canada where, in the 1960s and 1970s, tens of thousands of U.S. draft resisters and deserters had found a welcome alternative to going to Vietnam or going to jail. In early January 2004, with their one-year-old son, Liam, and a few belongings, they  headed north. 

But Canadian immigration rules had tightened since the Vietnam War. It was no longer possible to come to Canada as a visitor and apply for landed immigrant status. It was also no longer possible to show up at the Canadian border with a job offer and be immigrated within the hour. Canadian law now requires would-be immigrants to apply from outside Canada, to have needed job skills and/or a substantial bank account, and to wait up to two years or more for a decision. Clearly, this is not an option for a soldier on the run. 

So Hinzman applied for political refugee status, even though nobody from the U.S. had ever been granted refugee status in Canada. Soon other GIs morally opposed to the U.S. war in Iraq began following Hinzman's lead. 

Two months later, in March 2004, Brandon Hughey, 18, an Army tank driver from Texas, arrived in Toronto. In May 2004, David Sanders, 19, a U.S. Navy cryptologist from Arizona, surfaced in Canada. Dan Felushko, 22, a U.S. Marine with dual U.S.-Canadian citizenship, moved home to Toronto with his Canadian wife. Media reports of the presence of war resisters in Canada and growing disenchantment with the U.S. war in Iraq lead still more GIs to follow suit. 

U.S. Army Specialist Clifford Cornell, 24, from Arkansas, arrived in Canada in January 2005. Then came U.S. Army Specialist Darrell Anderson, 22, from Kentucky. Anderson had already fought in the Iraq war where he was injured and awarded a Purple Heart. But he did not want to return to Iraq where he might kill innocent civilians for oil and money.
The last three U.S. soldiers to seek asylum in Canada were war veterans who went AWOL after receiving orders for a second tour in Iraq. One such veteran, U.S. Army Specialist Joshua Key, 26, of Oklahoma, recently arrived in Toronto with his wife and 4 children, ages 4 months to 6 years. A large color photo of the entire family graced the front page of the Toronto Star newspaper on the same day that Canadian Prime Minister Paul Martin was meeting President Bush at his Texas ranch. 

Another recent arrival to Toronto was Marine Lance Corporal Ivan Brobeck, 20, of Virginia, also a veteran of the carnage in Iraq. All these veterans hang close together, feeling that only they can understand what each other has been through. 

Dozens of AWOL GIs are rumored to be laying low in several Canadian cities, even as some of their fellow soldiers are going to jail rather than to Iraq (www. SoldierSayNo.org). According to the Pentagon, nearly 6,000 U.S. soldiers are currently listed as deserters, having been AWOL for at least 30 days. 

Hinzman and several other war resisters are being represented by Jeffry House, a Toronto lawyer who emigrated from the U.S. during the Vietnam War. Well over 50,000 young Americans did the same. Thirty thousand of them are now Canadian citizens, some quite prominent, with as many as 10,000 estimated to be in the greater Toronto area. 

GIs, their family members, and friends interested in the Canada option frequently contact Jeffry House. They also contact the War Resister Support Campaign. They are advised that if they come to Canada and apply for refugee status, either internally or at the border, they will automatically receive the protections of Canadian refugee law until their claims can be heard, which could take up to a year. 

But coming to Canada is a serious decision, says House. People must be prepared for an extended period of uncertainty. Before making that decision, they should seek advice in the U.S. GIs who want out of the military have a number of options. The GI Rights Hotline in the U.S. is providing valuable counseling to thousands of soldiers and their families.  Lawyer House believes that AWOL soldiers already in Canada, but under the radar screen, would be well advised to seek legal representation and apply for refugee status. 

House is convinced that Hinzman has a strong case. He cites the Geneva Conventions on War and the Nuremberg Principles, which maintain that soldiers have an obligation to disobey illegal orders and to refuse to participate in war crimes. The U.S. war on Iraq, being neither defensive nor approved by the United Nations, is illegal. Therefore, orders to fight in Iraq are illegal. Soldiers who refuse these illegal orders are obeying international law and U.S. law too, since the U.S. Congress has ratified these international laws and treaties. 

House has provided Canada’s Immigration and Refugee Board with reams of documentation confirming that the U.S. military has engaged in a widespread pattern of systematic war crimes in Iraq. If Hinzman had gone to Iraq, he would likely have been put in a position of committing or supporting the commission of war crimes.

Refugee Hearings 

After several delays, Hinzman’s hearing before the Immigration and Refugee Board took place in early December 2004. It went on for three days and was attended by reporters from around the world. Ominously, the Canadian government intervened, arguing that the issue of the legality of the U.S. war should have no bearing on the Refugee Board's decision. Brian Goodman, the hearing officer, took his cue from the government and allowed no arguments on the legality of the war. 

The Immigration and Refugee Board did hear much testimony, however, on U.S. war crimes in Iraq. Former U.S. Marine Staff Sergeant Jimmy Massey gave dramatic firsthand accounts of the reckless killing of civilians in Iraq. His testimony received worldwide coverage. So did the sobering words of his wife, Jackie Massey, about the Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) that her husband brought home from Iraq. 'He has terrible nightmares every night,' she said. 'I can look at him in the morning and know what kind of day we are going to have.'

On March 24 of this year, Goodman ruled against Hinzman, asserting that he did not fit the definition of a refugee facing persecution for his beliefs. 'This is a big mistake,' says  House. 'There is no way that the legality of the war is not relevant. In fact, it is the central, key factor to be considered.' He cites the UN Handbook on Refugees, which specifically states that soldiers who refuse to participate in wars that are widely condemned by the international community should be considered as refugees. 

House and Hinzman are now appealing the decision to Canada's Federal Court. 'If the Court will give us a hearing,' says House, 'it will likely rule in Hinzman's favor.' A legal decision on the appeal might come by the end of the year. 

In the meantime, Brandon Hughey, now 20, and the second U.S. soldier to apply for refugee status in Canada, had a June 2 hearing before the Immigration and Refugee Board. Hughey described the evolution of his thinking, from when he was a 17-year-old high school student called at home by an Army recruiter to when he realized, during basic training, that President Bush had lied about the reasons for going to war in Iraq. 

As Hughey's lawyer,  House, quoting reports from Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, Human Rights First, and the American Civil Liberties Union, made a powerful case that there is a systematic and widespread pattern of U.S. war crimes in Iraq, and beyond. A decision in Hughey's case, expected in one to two months, will be made by Brian Goodman, the same IRB member who refused Hinzman's refugee claim. 

There are some fascinating precedents in Hinzman's and Hughey's favor. Soldiers from the armies of both Iraq and Iran have been granted refugee status in Canada. One, a Yemeni citizen serving in the Iraqi Army, refused to participate in Saddam Hussein's invasion of Kuwait. The Iranian soldier had refused to be a party to chemical warfare. Significantly, both were at first denied refugee status by the Immigration and Refugee Board, only to have the decisions reversed by the federal court. 

Canadians of all political persuasions are concerned about the huge backlog of political refugee claimants from around the world, many of whom are thought to be economic refugees. They worry about arbitrary decisions by the political appointees on the Immigration and Refugee Board. Many consider the refugee system to be 'broken' and debate rages in the Canadian media about how best to fix it. Understandably, some Canadians don’t believe it will help matters to add U.S. military deserters into the refugee mix. But most Canadians also don't want to send these young soldiers-of-conscience to prison in the U.S. 

Refugee from Militarism 

In the meantime, Hinzman and his fellow war resisters are receiving widespread support from Canadians, most of whom strongly oppose the U.S. war in Iraq. The Canadian government spurned George Bush’s call to become part of the 'coalition of the willing' and send its troops to Iraq. Canada did, however, send soldiers to Afghanistan and recently announced it would double the current level to 2,400 'peacekeepers.'

Sympathetic organizations and individuals have formed the War Resister Support Campaign and tens of thousands of Canadians have signed their online petition. The petition calls on the Canadian government to provide a sanctuary for U.S. war resisters whether or not they are granted political refugee status. 

The War Resister Support Campaign also organizes hospitality, housing, and personal support for new arrivals. The self-retired soldiers and their families actively participate in the work of the campaign, along with Canadians of all ages, including Vietnam-era war resisters. A real sense of camaraderie, community, and family pervades the biweekly meetings, which are also regularly attended by Canadian, U.S., and international media. 
Influential Toronto Star columnist Thomas Walkom recently opined that Canada should make a special provision for U.S. war resisters to become Canadian immigrants. We do it for nannies, he says, referring to live-in childcare workers from abroad. Nannies are welcomed into the Canadian workforce and given three years to show they are self-supporting and staying out of trouble. Then they are allowed to immigrate. 

Canada ought to do as much for those who won't kill other human beings, says Lee Zaslofsky of the War Resister Support Campaign. Zaslofsky, who describes himself as a proud Canadian, is a former U.S. soldier who refused to fight in Vietnam. Remembering those days, he declared, It's time for the Canadian government to renew [former Canadian Prime Minister] Pierre Trudeau's pledge to make Canada a 'refuge from militarism.' 

Whether and how Canada will once again become a 'refuge from militarism' is viewed in the context of many U.S.-Canadian tensions. Canadians are upset over the U.S. ban on the importation of Canadian softwood lumber and beef. The Bush administration has expressed concern over Prime Minister Paul Martin's proposals to legalize gay marriage and decriminalize marijuana. U.S. war resisters in Canada are already enjoying the free, universal healthcare that is anathema to Washington. 

With a possible national election looming, Prime Minister Paul Martin's minority Liberal government recently declined to participate in George Bush's missile defense shield. This was a popular decision in Canada, but it angered the White House, which had been pushing hard for Canadian political endorsement of its plans to militarize space. Some Canadian officials worry that giving a green light to U.S. war resisters may further antagonize the elephant next door. 

A legal victory for Hinzman would be an important precedent—the first time a U.S. war resister, or anyone from the U.S., for that matter, would be granted refugee status in Canada. If U.S. soldiers keep coming, however, the Canadian government may find it expedient to look for a collective solution. Canada could follow Sweden's example, which granted Vietnam-era deserters and draft resisters humanitarian asylum based on special circumstances.

Lending significant credibility to Hinzman’s claim for refugee status, Amnesty International issued the following statement on May 13, 2005: Amnesty International considers Mr. Hinzman to have a genuine conscientious objection to serving as a combatant in the US forces in Iraq. Amnesty International further considers that he took reasonable steps to register his conscientious objection through seeking non-combatant status in 2002, an application which was rejected. Accordingly, should he be imprisoned upon his return to the United States, Amnesty International would consider him to be a prisoner of conscience. 

Amnesty International is of the view that the right to refuse to perform military service for reasons of conscience is inherent in the notion of freedom of thought, conscience and religion as recognized in Article 18 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and Article 18 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). In its general comment No. 22 on article 18 of the ICCPR, the Human Rights Committee of the United Nations has reaffirmed that the right to conscientious objection to military service is a legitimate exercise of the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. 
Following this Amnesty International opposes the forcible return of a rejected asylum seeker if s/he is a conscientious objector and upon return would risk becoming a prisoner of conscience or would risk other serious human rights violations for reasons of his/her conscience. 

Mr. Hinzman has argued that if he is returned to the USA he would risk imprisonment for having left the army without authorization an action he took because of his conscientious objection. Amnesty International considers that there is a significant risk that he would be imprisoned for 1 to 5 years for having left the armed forces without authorization, despite the fact that he had taken reasonable steps to obtain exemption from combatant duties on the grounds of his conscientious objection. If he is forcibly returned and imprisoned, Amnesty International would adopt him as a prisoner of conscience. 

Staying in Canada 

Hinzman spends his days pushing the pedals of his bicycle through the streets of Toronto. He has given scores of interviews to U.S., Canadian, and international media, but he tries not to get caught up in all the fuss. On Sundays, he and his family attend the Toronto Quaker Meeting. 

His Canadian supporters are upbeat and optimistic. 'We have a long way to go,' says Lee Zas- lofsky. 'But we're confident that Canada will not become an enforcement arm of the Pentagon. These war resisters will be staying in Canada as long as they wish.' 
The War Resister Support Campaign believes the initial Refugee Board decision was only a 'bump in the road', the first step in a long struggle, both legal and political. It's a good thing Hinzman is a long distance runner. He, Brandon Hughey, and the others are likely to win in the end. Some would argue they already have.

Gerry Condon deserted from the U.S. Army in 1969 after refusing to fight in Vietnam. He lived for three years in Sweden and three years in Canada, before returning to the U.S. in 1975 as part of the campaign for amnesty for all war resisters. He now serves as director of Project Safe Haven.